What is a fundamental process involved in genetic engineering?

The fundamental process involved in genetic engineering is the manipulation of DNA, which often includes cutting and pasting segments of DNA into other organisms. This approach allows scientists to transfer specific genes that may confer desired traits, such as disease resistance or improved nutritional content, from one organism to another. The technique of cutting DNA is often achieved using tools like restriction enzymes, which can precisely excise a segment of DNA from its original location. Once the DNA is cut, it can be inserted into the genome of another organism, allowing for the expression of new characteristics.

This process is foundational in the field of biotechnology, enabling researchers to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and develop therapies for genetic disorders. The application of this technique spans agriculture, medicine, and industrial biotechnology, making the ability to cut and paste DNA crucial for advancements in these fields.